What is a common characteristic of redirected aggression in dogs?

Redirected aggression in dogs typically involves a response where a dog displays aggression towards a target that is not the original source of its frustration or arousal. This often occurs when a dog is excited, anxious, or agitated, and it can't reach the source of its stress, such as another dog or a person. Consequently, the dog may lash out at whatever is closest, which can include people or objects nearby, leading to aggressive behavior that seems random or misplaced.

In this context, the other options do not accurately reflect the nature of redirected aggression. For instance, reacting aggressively only towards known individuals would imply a targeting behavior that is not characteristic of redirected aggression, as it can occur toward unfamiliar individuals or objects. Similarly, showing submission to authority figures and maintaining a calm demeanor contradicts the very nature of aggression—these suggest non-aggressive or passive responses rather than the heightened state of arousal that leads to redirected aggression. Therefore, the option that emphasizes displaying aggression towards any person or object aligns correctly with the understanding of redirected aggression.